自用课本摘要搬运
1. The role of culture can be an influence factor for behavior as well as an interpretation factor of behavior. Culture can also serve as a particular way to satisfy our human need. Language, nationality, family, etc. are all sources of culture.
2. Culture mainly has seven characteristics and to different scholars, culture is like an iceberg, an onion or the water a fish swims in, software of the mind of the grammar of human behavior.
3. There are three different cultural forms: dominant culture, subculture and co-culture. Normal distribution of people’s characteristics, minimum-maximum social differences, Hall’s high- and low – context orientation are three important and useful ways of understanding cultural differences and their impact on intercultural communication.
Summary of the Chapter
1. Values are enduring attitudes about the preferability of one belief over another. It is the system of criteria by which conduct is judged and sanctions are applied.
2. Values are at the core of culture, the deepest manifestations of culture and thus the most difficult to understand by an outsider.
3. An individual’s cognitive structure consists of many values, which can be classified as primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary values are the most important. We can find out people’s value priority from their behavior patterns, from what they say about themselves, from their myth, tales of hero and ritual as well as from folk tales, proverbs and sayings.
4.Kluckholn and Strodtbeck indentified five orientations about basic values:(1)human nature,(2)relationship to nature, (3)sense of time , (4)activity, and (5)social relationships
1. Language and culture are closely linked. Language is a reflection of culture and culture is a reflection of language.
2. Culture has an impact on language at various levels. In intercultural communication,
culture has a great impact on language at the lexical, discourse and pragmatic levels.
3. Linear language has a beginning and an end; It is logical and object oriented, and looks on time as a continuum of past, present and future, such as English; nonlinear language is circular, tradition oriented and subjective, and looks on time as cyclical and ever-repeating, such as Chinese.
4. Deductive thought pattern moves from the general to the specific; inductive pattern moves from the specific to the general.
1. Nonverbal communication has its own unique functions in interpersonal communication and its functions include replacing, regulating, conveying, modifying,repeating,complementing and contradicting.
2. Most classifications divide nonverbal messages into two comprehensive categories: those that are primarily produced by the body; and those that the individual combines with the setting.
1. Protocol is defined as the customs and regulations dealing with diplomatic formality, precedence and etiquette and etiquette as conventional requirements as to proper social behavior. Protocol is what to do in a given situation. Etiquette is how to do it ——and how to do it gracefully.
2. There are some common protocol elements which permit you to do successfully in any culture, from initial contact(e.g. naming and exchanging cards ) to social entertainment(e.g. dining and drinking practices, cocktail parties, tipping )to gift-giving etiquette, etc.
1. Intercultural negotiation components include players and situation, national character, power and authority, perception, use of interpreters and translators, gender, environment, relationship and substantive conflicts, etc.
2. Negotiations bring to the negotiating table the values and beliefs of their own culture. These elements influence their conceptualization of the negotiation process, the objectives they seek in the negotiation and the expectations they hold of the behaviors of their partners. Transcending cultural limits is a formidable but essential task if negotiations with foreign parties are to succeed.
Summary of the Chapter
1. While entering a foreign culture ,one’s anxiety that results from losing all the familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse will change one’s psychological state from excitement and interest to depression and fear of the unknown. Similar discomfort may arise when one comes back to his culture after long exposure to another culture.
2. Clearly defining which stage of cultural shock we are in is helpful for us to have a positive sense of cultural shock and to adopt measures accordingly.
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